Alasdair ([info]alasdair) wrote,
@ 2005-05-10 22:58:00
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Post-Politics
I'm buried in Simon Reynolds "Rip It Up And Start Again" at the moment.  It's a history of the post-punk movement from (about) 78-84, and it's very good.  By "very good", what I mean is "it's making me think".

Some of what follows will almost certainly be blinding obvious.  I'm thinking, and frankly, there's not a lot of functioning grey matter in here to do that with.  I need to start with the obvious, or I just go round in lots of little circles.


I like post-punk.  (See, I told you I needed to start simple.  For god's sake, no-one show me a shiny thing, or I'll never finish.)  Post-punk is a bit of a misnomer, as Reynolds makes clear - a lot of post-punk bands predate the punk era by a couple of years, it's just that they kept going, but I suppose the best way to describe it (overly simplistically) might be that if the point of punk was tearing everything down, creating a new year zero, the point of post-punk was building something afterward.

What the two movements have in common, apart from people like John Lydon and all the others who were involved in both scenes (and they bled into one another a lot, as you'd expect), is a DIY ethic.  The sense that anyone could pick up an instrument and get on with the job.  But where a lot of the punk bands wound up signed to majors, in that first white-hot publicity rush, many of the post-punk outfits stayed independent, and went with people like the fledgling Rough Trade (as an aside: I work for the people that own the Rough Trade label these days, and oh, how the mighty have fallen), or similar outfits.

The other thing that I get the sense that the post-punks had that perhaps many punks lacked was cross-media ambition.  Music was only part of the art - it was the whole band/entertainment/art experience that was the thing - they had something to say, a point to make, and they were going to use every means they had to reinforce it.  It's evident in things ranging from The Residents elaborate media games with "The Cryptic Corporation" to the design sense applied to the records covers of bands like Gang of Four, or Joy Division, (or hell, almost anyone on Factory).  And let's not go even near Genesis P-Orridge's collection of mad bastard industrial progenitors, OK?

I'll just pause a moment to note the existence of of post- punk-psychedelia in the shape of The Teardrop Explodes and the like, or even stuff like U2 (who were contemporary with a lot of these acts, and for all they're a much more mainstream thing), and just set them on one side for now.  I like ‘em, but they're not relevant to what I'm getting to here.  I'm interested in the more "fringe" stuff, here.

Post-punk, especially in Britain, was often social/political thing - it was probably quite hard for it not to be, at that time, at the end of the Labour government, and the beginning of Thatcher's Britain (yes, yes, people's brains shat themselves, politics of self-interest, evil cow, other lefty crap here) - if you were remotely informed about the social climate around you, it was going to be very hard not to form fair strong opinions on it.

So, that's the history bit.

We've just had a couple of basically shit elections - one in the US which was y'know, just fucking disgusting, and one in the UK, which was basically fucking dull.  And reading this book about this very culturally engaged musical/art movement (which, let's not forget, also enjoyed pretty serious chart success - even those bands I'm talking about as "fringe" had one or more top 20 hits), and what's going through my head is that fuck, but something's gone wrong.

It seems to me that the conscience has gone out of The Young People's Music.  I don't think it's a coincidence that I'm finding less and less recently-released music that I want to buy - while I do listen to bubblegum pop, frankly, the likes of Garbage is about as bubblegum as I can be arsed to spend money on.  I tend to demand music that has something more to say than "Look mammy, I'm shagging/having relationship problems!".  (Not, perhaps a lot more.  I like Songs About Fucking as much as anyone...)

And yes, it'd be terribly easy to go on about how it's all mass produced, and big labels, and homogenisation of the market, and Who Wants To Be A Pop Idol, and all the rest of that, but that's dull.  And ultimately, irrelevant.

What's got me thinking, is again, the blindingly obvious: how much easier we've got it now.  If I was suddenly seized by the urge to put together some kind of multi-media art installation (no don't panic, I haven't been), then the only real problem I'm going to have is finding a space (by no means insurmountable) and getting people to come look (and I've got friends I can probably hit up to help me promote it).

Economics and distribution are much, much smaller problems now, with the advent of print-on-demand services, and general internet communication.  Yes, you're never likely to beat someone exchanging cash money for a CD/book/magazine in a shop in terms of perceived value, and thus, cultural impact, but it's better than nothing.

The obvious buzzword to hit is "Viral Campaign".  I know that the very first thing I'd do, if I had something I really wanted to promote, is stick a mention of it on They Fight Crime!  It does the rounds every so often, and there are lots of places that link to it.  But then, that one was a complete accident.  It's very, very bloody hard to create a viral campaign that works, on purpose.  I've worked for enough places that've tried.  None of them have managed it so far.  But then, they've all tried to do it for Big Brands, and are therefore fucked.  The best ones are small things, done for fun, that happen almost by accident.

But all this is actually dragging away from what I want to say - the point is just to establish: it can be done.  Everyone's got the tools for DIY culture, these days.  The Internet is the great leveller.  Etc.

(Those last three paragraphs, by the way, has just replaced about 800 words on the mechanics and economics of production and distribution in an internet-connected society.  Be grateful that I'm not boring the tits off you with any more tedious internet evangelist rhetoric than I absolutely have to.)

What I'm wondering about now, though, is why no-one but mad bastards or fame-seekers seem to want to use them.  Where's the modern equivalent of Gang of Four?  Politically active students (or y'know, anyone) with a grasp of art theory and an understanding of media culture, using all these things they've learned to communicate with people, to start debate, and generally spell out an agenda?

I think it's blindingly obvious that we're becoming a post-political society.  We had fuck-all turnout at the last election, to the point that politicians are talking seriously about electoral reform, to some for of PR.  Anything to make people, and particularly young people feel re-enfranchised.

The sense of disenfranchisement is the problem, I think.  If you'll permit me to speculate wildly, and with no real basis in anything concrete: the young right wing feels disenfranchised, because what they've got are the Tories, who remain unelectable, and the young left wing feels disenfranchised because what they've got is, what, the Lib Dems?

Those on the left that can be arsed to vote settle on the centre-right compromise of Labour, on the basis that they're better than the Tories.  And if settling for "what we can get" or "better than the alternative" isn't the most soul-destroying sort of disenfranchisement, I don't know what is.

So I'm left wondering what it'd take to get a modern equivalent to post-punk moving.  If it's even possible to get youth to re-engage.  You've got to beat the inertia of chav culture (and it's no use excluding them - you've got to engage the masses with this), as well as find a way to make them even notice in the first place.  But how would you go about developing on informed, holistic art movement that could engage with modern society?

Or have we now got to the point, with our tiny taste-tribes, and a proliferation of media and channels by which we can control our information intake, that no one single trend can ever engage us as a society again?  Have we fragmented to far?

I think I need to stop reading things that make me think.  Or y'know, work out what to do with all this crap in my head.



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[info]diffrentcolours
2005-05-10 10:28 pm UTC (link)
One thing I want to do before long is get my hands on a digital video camera, and use it to record stuff. I'm not expecting to do anything astounding with it, just make short films, documentaries, interviews, whatever. Cut them together myself and stick them out there. Tell people how I did it. Encourage them to do the same.

A while ago, I offered to help out at a community centre providing facilities for kids - Internet access, music production, things like that. It never went anywhere, sadly. Maybe I should have tried harder.

And there are sites like Downhill Battle making tools to ease this distribution of culture. I've got a few ideas in my own head for tools which make it easier to find something in a world where you can get anything. I need to get them out of my head and into the real world.

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-10 10:37 pm UTC (link)
>>>One thing I want to do before long is get my hands on a digital video camera, and use it to record stuff.<<<

One of the things that struck me, in writing this, is that I have access (via friends and family) to professional kit for just about any media I might choose to work in. Barriers to entry are more or less non-existent (with a bit of networking), these days.

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[info]diffrentcolours
2005-05-10 10:42 pm UTC (link)
I think you're in the minority here though, to be honest. And the few hundred quid which a decent dvcam would cost are vying with a new PDA and other geektoys for my attention...

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[info]hirez
2005-05-10 11:17 pm UTC (link)
That may be part of the problem: there's too much stuff out there. One might also note that one can't afford to be a professional doley and/or squat someplace handy for the Bright Lights.

On the other hand, there are places like Club Klinker (London) and The Cube (here) where you can get up and do whatever (multi)meejah thing you want.

On the other other hand, the Long Tail is where it's at. Everyone can be famous for 1500 people.

In re. the original post: Fuck, yeah.

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[info]meetpaulblack
2005-05-10 11:39 pm UTC (link)
This is the book that had stuff about gang of four in it...
I meant to buy that...

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 07:40 am UTC (link)
Do. It's excellent.

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[info]bremxjones
2005-05-11 01:22 am UTC (link)
This deserves a decent reply.

In the morning.

Yes. In the morning.

KG

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[info]bremxjones
2005-05-11 01:27 am UTC (link)
For now, however, K-punk's take on the book eludicated some interesting points. Coming at it from a completely different place, but still...

http://k-punk.abstractdynamics.org/archives/005449.html

KG

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 07:21 am UTC (link)
Sure, wait til I've shat all that out of my head, and *then* point me at something that makes me think about some of this *even more*. You bastard.

(Ta.)

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[info]llamaramauk
2005-05-11 04:19 pm UTC (link)
Interesting read. He's quite right about ORANGE JUICE too - "L.O.V.E" is one of the most perfect love songs ever written and fights with the TVPs "If I Could Write Poetry" for top spot in my heart :)

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[info]tyrell
2005-05-11 08:13 am UTC (link)
"Young people's music" doesn't exist anymore. It's drowned out by studio crap. Whatever the latest America-like R+B superstar is, that'll be top 10. The only exceptions to this are novelty records by
a) Elvis, or
b) Peter Kay, the least funny man alive, but popular with lots of Sun readers.
We're a million years away from punk sensibilities happening again now.

Voting apathy and post-political:
It's all because of the voting system. People know their votes are wasted, and the don't see any alternatives in the top 2 candidates that make them excited enough to care about changing it. PR *does* seem to be geniunely taking off after the last shambles of an election, which is great. The Independent's certainly pushing hard, but that just means the hippies want it :)

I don't think there's 'too many channels and no one single trend'. I think there's too much control about which trends are allowed to filter down to the public. Too many 8 year-olds worried about their mobile phones, too many teenagers who've heard of Wayne Rooney but not Martin Luther King, and just a general descent into commercialism beyond even the Eighties. Kids *are* getting less literate and less knowledgeable, and society *is* too led by the media.

Why can't we picture a spontaneous rebellion like punk happening again? Is it because unprecedented numbers of protesters in London and Worldwide had absolutely no effect on Blair? Do people feel powerless and detached from politics?

The next trend to get all of society will have to be on the net, but if it's good enough then people will put it there themselves. It wouldn't have to be as in-your-face as punk, it could be anything at all, but I just can't picture the public saying "Us, not you" to the government anytime soon.

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 09:21 am UTC (link)
>>>"Young people's music" doesn't exist anymore. It's drowned out by studio crap.<<<

PiL were, at one time, Virgin's hottest and most-indulged act. The Pistols were signed by three different majors. The studios will sign, and sell, whatever the young people demand.

But even aside from that: the studious are increasingly irrelevant (and know it, and are scared by the idea). We're a matter of years, if that, away from the first internet-only distributed megastar. (That's partly what inspired this train of thought: wondering what form/style they'll take.)

Likewise, I don't believe that anything needs to be "drowned out" any more. Yeah, we've got a lot more than the three/four channels of (post-)punk's day, but I can (and generally) do completely avoid watching any of them, and get I remain up to date(-ish) and continue to encounter New Culture completely outside of them, because I can choose and filter my media intake with a great deal more power and choice. I'm no longer dependant on a narrow spectrum mass broadcast to get my culture. Which, in turn, makes it harder, of course, for any one trend to dominate.

Which is not to say, of course, that what's true of me and my media-savvy Nathan-Barley-esque chums is true of everyone, but my point is that people are not longer restricted, and are only media-led if they choose to be. Whatever this hypothetical neo-post-punk thing is, it'll almost have to be something that makes people see that.

>>>Why can't we picture a spontaneous rebellion like punk happening again? Is it because unprecedented numbers of protesters in London and Worldwide had absolutely no effect on Blair?<<<

I'm sure this is a huge part of it.

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[info]tyrell
2005-05-11 09:33 am UTC (link)
I don't mean that there isn't a variety of trends on the many channels now available - just that none of the trends are the least bit revolutionary. Even those that try to be are just empty style. The only truly anarchic and counter-cultural things I've seen in the media in the last ten years have all been comic books.

100 channels, all mush, all the time. The illusion of choice. There probably is some truly individual, important, revolutionary trend/act out there... but I haven't heard of it, and that means it's not getting the message out.

Society's attitudes are improving, but the policies are still to the Right, the money's still supply-side and the freedoms are still threatened in the name of 'security'. If you can find me a popular media trend that will ignite the people, I'll jump on it, but I haven't seen one.

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 10:48 am UTC (link)
>>>The only truly anarchic and counter-cultural things I've seen in the media in the last ten years have all been comic books.<<<

Have you looked? Have you found the fanzines/websites, been to the smaller gigs, gone to the arthouse cinemas, picked a subcultural scene to engage with? (Er, yes, I'm aware *you* probably have. Generic "you".)

I mean, my spending on music hasn't tailed off, it's just that I'm going to smaller gigs, and buying shit off the internet. (Or I'm buying into nostalgic revival nonsense, but y'know, I feel bad about that.)

This is, to an extent, the problem of engagement I was talking about. I'm just not sure media is not something one should(/can) be spoonfed (any more), in the first place.

Also, the clue is in the term "counter-culture" - of course it isn't going to crop up in Big Media, as a general rule. Post-punk, while bigger then most subcultural nonsense we get today, still wasn't wholly *mainstream*. As much as the impossible might be nice, I'm only really looking for something a bit louder/more interesting/unified/engaged/moon on a stick.

>>>If you can find me a popular media trend that will ignite the people, I'll jump on it, but I haven't seen one.<<<

I agree that I haven't really seen one. This is why I'm wondering how someone might go about building one. Rozz-Tox, and all that.

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[info]tyrell
2005-05-11 11:30 am UTC (link)
But that's my point. I'm on enough counter-culture internet lists, I'm mixing with various peeps in London who fit the bill. If the band/event is so small that I haven't heard of it, it doesn't fit my criteria for being a potential revolution-maker. I've no doubt the current is there, it just can't reach the mainstream like punk did. And the public isn't ready for it to.

You're right, the media will play whatever is making money, it's not just about corporate control or being spoonfed. But I think the "100 channels of bland" has diluted things to the point where truly subversive stuff is reduced to smaller gigs than before.

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[info]kenix
2005-05-13 11:22 am UTC (link)
I'm in the same boat regarding music. I go to gigs, but they are at tiny venues. I buy CDs, but they are from smaller labels, or online. I saw the Manics at Cardiff Millenium Stadium. This week I'm seeing Tsunami Bomb at the Bristol Fleece and Firkin, which is the biggest venue they've played in the UK.

I agree that we're entering a post-political society, for the reasons people have already listed. When the miners went on strike, it actually meant something. When millions of people around the protest the war in Iraq, and it does fuck all to change things, I'm not surprised that people think, "Well, what's the point?"

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[info]burge
2005-05-11 09:25 am UTC (link)
Today is Wednesday and I have no time to think or argue deeply on these things.

Ask me again on Friday, when we're fuelled by good liquor. Jog my memory with phrases like "Red Wedge", "culture of argument" and "risks of total enfranchisement". Unless your mind's moved onto other things, of course.

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[info]burge
2005-05-11 09:33 am UTC (link)
And while I'm at it, from my information scientist corner I throw in the issue of "information rich vs. information poor" while from my media creature corner I submit the issue of "quality of the media diet".

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[info]tyrell
2005-05-11 09:49 am UTC (link)
Ooo, you information scientist, you.
To think I could have summed up my previous posts with "quality of the media diet" :)

"Declining world oil production,
the huge private debts of Britons and Americans,
the lack of an exit strategy in Iraq,
and irreversible global warming:
these are the big challenges of the next four years.
For all of them, Britain will be gloriously unprepared."

Because the public is incapable of doing anything but petulantly voting for the other guy when they tell us it's election time again.

It's alright. Things'll shake up one way or another if/when Peak Oil hits :)

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[info]burge
2005-05-11 10:09 am UTC (link)
Proper information scientists have MSc's. I'm a kind of incidental information scientist, with only an MA to preserve my respectability. [Feed line preceeding. Insert joke here.]

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[info]tyrell
2005-05-11 10:12 am UTC (link)
Bugger. I was hoping to cross-over to something similar with my lowly BSc in a pure science. Shall have to keep looking, and avoiding the temptation of becoming things like "Occupation Excellence Advocate" or "Lean Sigma Expert".

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[info]marysiak
2005-05-11 05:44 pm UTC (link)
Ooh, be a Lean Sigma Expert. It sounds very cool.

please don't spoil my excitement by clarifying the term

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[info]llamaramauk
2005-05-11 11:46 am UTC (link)
I grew up as a post-punk kid, I guess. My musical awareness was formed at the time during my early teen years in a progressive climb from SMASH HITS and Mike Read to fanzines and John Peel. And I have to say that I think the past has rosy coloured spectacles for many people. Back then, the mainstream was easily as unchallenging, vacuous and self-centred as it ever is in pop. New Mod, New Romantic, FAME ... these were the nu-metal and plastic pop of their day for the most part. They spawned some innovators, sure - but so will every scene - the law of averages means that there's genuine talent dotted about.

You did have to dig deep if you wanted the real alternative scene, and frankly a lot of it was blatantly pop in outlook, rather than political. Take a look at the Liverpool scene to see the macrocosm within the microcosm. Genuinely idealistic artitstes like Billy Bragg/Gang of Four/Redskins always stood out a mile even back then, and some of the most talented and influential, yet rarely applauded bands such as the TV Personalities or The Monchrome Set rarely touched on politics for its own sake and when they did it was done playfully. Psychic TV's closest thing to a hit was GOOD VIBRATIONS, bless 'em, although Orridge's innovations musically over the decades can never be overstated.

There's also of course the inter3sting dichotomy that before Thatcher, a lot of the labels that spawned these bands would simply not have existed - but that's an aside that I merely find interesting. I guess you could argue a sense of self-loating but I think that would be stretching it.

Sure, there were overtly political/socially concerned bands - but you do have to distil down a lot of other stuff to get to them. I'd be willing to bet there's stuff to be found now, if you know where to look or have the patience to spend a lot of money to find it - and even then, youre more likely to find social commentary over political - that was always the way, really. I'm not convinced that there was ever that much more of a conscience back then, so much as a desire to escape, which is an entirely more selfish thing. The drive to at least be whatever you want to be despite being trapped in Shittown or Crapcity made for some extraordinary musical talents honed on desperation and flights of fancy.

High unemployment caused people to be trapped in failing towns, foreign travel was for the most part unaffordable, no one really knew how to "get on their bike" to find work and a way out and were afraid to do so. Nowadays it's a given that one can go anywhere, do anything and get at least a basic job in any given location.

The Internet and the fact that its now easier and more acceptable to get away from ones home and to stay away has caused that side of things to bubble under. The world is a much smaller place now than it was then. Escape is possible in the physical world. The movement of people means that while there is still racism, its less pronounced in many areas of the country because of the constant flow and mix of people. I think it's not a coincidence that the BNP flourish mainly where there is a relatively static population and therefore a lack of necessity to mix.

Meanwhile, the DIY ethic has moved into the world of dance and again, produced some great music. The emphasis now is almost all on experimentation in sound rather than in lyrics, and yet I view that as an important cultural movement in itself - I always did. That was at least half of the fun of post-punk, to be honest - buying stuff just to see how far out someone could go with the technology of the time, or how good a harpsichord sounded with a drum machine, or what feedback added to a track ... loads of things we take for granted now but were still being played with then. Sure, sometmes I'd like to see and equivalent of Half Man Half Biscuit or Jesus Couldn't Drum, or a new Mark E Smith in the making, but then I realise that's because I'm old, and like most folks I think my teenage years were the best and that kids now are missing out :)

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[info]llamaramauk
2005-05-11 11:49 am UTC (link)
Oh yeah - I meant to add this link in that I found after a few momoents of Googling. Might be worth investigating in your search for scenes.

http://www.capsule.org.uk/

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 02:11 pm UTC (link)
>>>And I have to say that I think the past has rosy coloured spectacles for many people.<<<

I'm certainly not looking to suggest that there wasn't still an awful lot of shit back then, just that as a movement, post-punk certainly seems to have been extremely engaged with the world around it and a wider cultural conversation, in a way that I'm not seeing in early 21st century music or art. I'm not, I should add, just talking about politics, but across the whole spectrum of culture - I get the sense that many of them were artists who were informed by/reacting to much more than just music and politics.

And yes, I take your point about the DIY ethic in dance, and the interesting things it generates, and their own intrinsic value, but I'd quite like to see someone experimenting/innovating with a specific social/cultural point in mind, rather than just for the love of it. (Although I wouldn't condemn anyone for doing it just for the love of the thing, obviously.)

I'd also note that I wouldn't restrict what I'm looking for to just music, but rather to any mass-media - anything that stimulates conversation is fine by me, it's just that music's where the best example of what I'm looking for has happened before.

I think your point about population movement is a very good one, too.

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[info]llamaramauk
2005-05-11 03:00 pm UTC (link)
I think it would have been difficult for a lot of the artists who reached adulthood in the early '80s not to be influenced by the world around them. But to understand that you have to disregard Thatcher and go further back into the shambles iof the 1970s, with power cuts, the begining of the end for Rover Longbridge, the first wave of colliery closures, all culminating in the Winter of Discontent.

I was only a kid at the time, but I remember the ceaseless pictures of strikes, football hooliganism, and I clearly remember the piles of rubbish in the streets and the power cuts (we always kept a box of candles under the sink, and later bought a battery lantern). I watch news footage from that time now and it's like I'm looking at a foreign country in the aftermath of a war.

People didn't just watch politics on the telly, they lived it every day, almost regardless of where they lived. I'd think that's bound to mean that you grow up with a lot more awareness than in a time where everything is arms length.

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[info]alasdair
2005-05-11 07:34 pm UTC (link)
>>>People didn't just watch politics on the telly, they lived it every day, almost regardless of where they lived. I'd think that's bound to mean that you grow up with a lot more awareness than in a time where everything is arms length.<<<

Good point. It explains why modern culture is that entertainment is increasingly the snake eating it's own tail - people's primary cultural experience/water-cooler conversation is entertainment media, so that's what they're bringing into their own creative attempts...

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[info]llamaramauk
2005-05-11 04:21 pm UTC (link)
I keep expecting an Asian-centred movement to take off at street level, actually - that's where the suspicion and oppression is being directed these days.

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[info]opheliasclone
2005-05-11 03:58 pm UTC (link)
Various thoughts here. First, I'm not convinced people are less literate these days, not at all. I think the general trend these days is towards greater levels of overall literacy in the youngest generation, but an increased expectation that information will be given and received in smaller chunks. You can thank email, instant messaging, online news sites, and now net-based encyclopedia sites (including ones on specialized topics) for that.

Personally, I'm still waiting for the first successful counterculture video games to appear. Outside of crass pap like Redneck Rampage and trippy feel-good fare like Katamari Damacy, I just don't see anything. And I'm not convinced those things count when they don't really amount to saying anything much.

Regarding your intentionally leaving out bits in your writing, I guess I must desire more certainty than you provide. This is not to say I'm unhappy with ambiguity. I like James Joyce and multithreaded games, but I guess I want some inherent feeling that there are a limited number of options. Perhaps my vivid imagination is a bit overwhelmed with the concept of inifinite possibilities.

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[info]opheliasclone
2005-05-11 04:02 pm UTC (link)
Oh yes, forgot the main reason I wanted to respond. I'm concerned that perhaps the younger generations are less concerned about consensus in general and therefore turned off by any political process that doesn't leave much room for variation. The internet has allowed people to feel they belong best in one or more very small social niches. If you've grown up with that, it's too confining trying to stick yourself into one of two or three political boxes set up by people twice your age who admittedly know nothing about you.

Trying to reach these kids would be awfully hard, don't you think? The only way I can see to go about it would be word of mouth. Traditional methods like advertising and snail mail certainly won't get very far. I'm not sure what the solution is, to be honest. I think America is trying to figure that out, but so far there hasn't been anything like a breakthrough. Just a number of ideas.

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[info]bremxjones
2005-05-13 10:26 am UTC (link)
And I wrote too much for a post in a rush (and, in fact, originally answerings someone else's question), so I blog it.

Rambling here:
http://gillen.blogspot.com/2005/05/alisdair-posted-some-interesting.html

Short version:
Not enough belief that they can do anything, despite infinite tools. Lack of historical understanding and context, due to pick-and-mix Dillentantism. Assorted grammatical errors added as spice.

KG

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